The SU(3)C × SU(3)L × U(1)X (331) Model: Addressing the Fermion Families Problem within Horizontal Anomalies Cancellation

One of the most important and unanswered problems in particle physics is the origin of the three generations of quarks and leptons. The Standard Model does not provide any hint regarding its sequential charge assignments, which remain a fundamental mystery of Nature. One possible solution of the puzzle is to look for charge assignments, in a given gauge theory, that are inter-generational, by employing the cancellation of the gravitational and gauge anomalies horizontally. The 331 model, based on an (Formula presented.) does this in an economical way and defines a possible extension of the Standard Model, where the number of families has necessarily to be three. We review the model in Pisano, Pleitez, and Frampton’s formulation, which predicts the existence of bileptons. Another characteristics of the model is to unify the (Formula presented.) into the 331 symmetry at a scale that is in the TeV range. Expressions of the scalar mass eigenstates and of the renormalization group equations of the model are also presented.