Assessing the Ability of {WRF}-{BEP}~$\mathplus$~{BEM} in Reproducing the Wintertime Building Energy Consumption of an Italian Alpine City

This work aims at assessing the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting model, coupled with a multilayer urban canopy scheme and a building energy model (BEP + BEM), to simulate the building energy consumption in the city of Bolzano (Italy) during wintertime. Estimates of the actual energy consumption, to be adopted as a benchmark for evaluating model results, are obtained from observed total annual values, combined with load curves derived from real-time measurements in various meteorological conditions and for different building types. The validation of numerical results highlights that the modeling set-up adopted is able to well reproduce the spatial distribution of the energy consumption in the urban area and its dependence on the morphological characteristics of the city. In particular, it is found that energy consumption in the urban area is particularly influenced by the building height and the building surface area to plan area ratio, highlighting the importance of an accurate representation of the urban morphology in mesoscale meteorological models to obtain reliable estimates of citywide building energy consumption. Moreover, also the diurnal profiles of energy consumption are well captured by the model, especially in the residential area. Larger errors are found in the commercial-industrial area: here various utilities display peaks of energy demand, that the model cannot reproduce correctly.