Validated by experimental data, this paper performs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the influence of tree plantings on urban airflow and vehicular CO exposure in two-dimensional (2D) street canyons with various aspect ratios (building height/street width, AR = H/W = 0.5, 1, 3, 5) and ground-level source. The impacts of tree canopy bottom height (Htb = 2 m, 6 m), tree stand density (y-density = 0.33, 0.67, 1) and leaf area density (LAD = 0.5, 1, 2 m2/m3) are considered. Personal intake fraction (P_IF) and its spatial mean value in leeward and windward sides (lee, wind) and for entire streets (street intake fraction, ) are adopted to assess overall pollutant exposure. For cases without trees, only one main vortex exists in shallow streets with AR = 0.5-3 and as AR = 3 (5.80 ppm) slightly exceeds AR = 0.5-1 (3.98-3.84 ppm). However, two counter-rotating vortexes appear in deep streets (AR = 5), inducing 1-2 orders smaller pedestrian-level velocity (U/Uref~10−4-10−3) and one-order greater (46.80 ppm) than shallow streets. Trees always weaken wind in streets and raise more in shallower streets by 46.0% as AR = 0.5 (3.98 ppm-5.81 ppm), 26.0-45.9% as AR = 1 (3.84 ppm to 4.84-5.60 ppm), 16.2-50.3% as AR = 3 (5.80 ppm to 6.74-8.72 ppm), but only 8.5-23.4% as AR = 5 (46.80 ppm to 50.78-57.73 ppm). Particularly, as AR = 1, trees raise lee (5.87 ppm) by 27.1-57.2%, while wind (1.80 ppm) only by 0%-23.3%. Higher Htb, smaller y-density or LAD produce less increase of . As AR = 3, vegetation increases lee (8.84 ppm) by 21.2%-66.4% but little affects wind (2.76 ppm). Lower Htb produces smaller differing from AR = 1. As AR = 5, vegetation increases wind (63.97 ppm) by 15.1-36.6% but reduces lee (29.63 ppm) by 5.2-8.5%. Although further investigations are still required for design purpose, this paper provides effective methodologies to quantify how vegetation influences street-scale pollutant exposure.
Integrated impacts of tree planting and street aspect ratios on CO dispersion and personal exposure in full-scale street canyons
Buccolieri R.;
2020-01-01
Abstract
Validated by experimental data, this paper performs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the influence of tree plantings on urban airflow and vehicular CO exposure in two-dimensional (2D) street canyons with various aspect ratios (building height/street width, AR = H/W = 0.5, 1, 3, 5) and ground-level source. The impacts of tree canopy bottom height (Htb = 2 m, 6 m), tree stand density (y-density = 0.33, 0.67, 1) and leaf area density (LAD = 0.5, 1, 2 m2/m3) are considered. Personal intake fraction (P_IF) and its spatial mean value in leeward and windward sides (lee, wind) and for entire streets (street intake fraction, ) are adopted to assess overall pollutant exposure. For cases without trees, only one main vortex exists in shallow streets with AR = 0.5-3 and as AR = 3 (5.80 ppm) slightly exceeds AR = 0.5-1 (3.98-3.84 ppm). However, two counter-rotating vortexes appear in deep streets (AR = 5), inducing 1-2 orders smaller pedestrian-level velocity (U/Uref~10−4-10−3) and one-order greater (46.80 ppm) than shallow streets. Trees always weaken wind in streets and raise more in shallower streets by 46.0% as AR = 0.5 (3.98 ppm-5.81 ppm), 26.0-45.9% as AR = 1 (3.84 ppm to 4.84-5.60 ppm), 16.2-50.3% as AR = 3 (5.80 ppm to 6.74-8.72 ppm), but only 8.5-23.4% as AR = 5 (46.80 ppm to 50.78-57.73 ppm). Particularly, as AR = 1, trees raise lee (5.87 ppm) by 27.1-57.2%, while wind (1.80 ppm) only by 0%-23.3%. Higher Htb, smaller y-density or LAD produce less increase of . As AR = 3, vegetation increases lee (8.84 ppm) by 21.2%-66.4% but little affects wind (2.76 ppm). Lower Htb produces smaller differing from AR = 1. As AR = 5, vegetation increases wind (63.97 ppm) by 15.1-36.6% but reduces lee (29.63 ppm) by 5.2-8.5%. Although further investigations are still required for design purpose, this paper provides effective methodologies to quantify how vegetation influences street-scale pollutant exposure.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
