Columnar and ground-level aerosol optical properties: sensitivity to the transboundary pollution, daily and weekly patterns, and relationships

Columnar and ground-level aerosol optical properties co-located in space and time and retrieved from sun/sky photometer and nephelometer measurements, respectively, have been analyzed to investigate the impact of local and transboundary pollution, to analyze their relationships, and hence to contribute to the aerosol load characterization over the Central Mediterranean. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 440 nm, the ngstrom exponent () calculated from the AOD at 440 and 675 nm, and the asymmetry parameter (g (col) ) at 440 nm represent the investigated columnar aerosol parameters. The scattering coefficient (sigma (p)) at 450 nm, the scattering ngstrom exponent (Ayen) calculated from sigma (p) at 450 and 635 nm, and the asymmetry parameter (g) at 450 nm are the corresponding ground-level parameters. It is shown that the columnar and ground-level aerosol properties were significantly and similarly affected by the main airflows identified with backtrajectory cluster analysis. The yearly averaged daily evolution of sigma (p), Ayen, and g was fairly correlated to the one of the AOD, , and g (col) , respectively. These results indicate that the aerosol particles were on average characterized by similar yearly averaged optical properties up to the ground level. In particular, the yearly means of columnar and ground-level ngstrom exponents, 1.3 +/- 0.4 and 1.1 +/- 0.4, respectively, which are close to one, reveal a coarse-mode aerosol contribution in addition to the fine-mode particle contribution up to the ground level. Hourly means, day-by-day, and seasonal daily patterns of ground-level parameters were, however, very weakly correlated with the corresponding columnar parameters. The large impact of the local meteorology on the daily evolution of the ground-level aerosol properties, which makes the impact of long-range transported particles less apparent, was mainly responsible for these last results. It has also been found that columnar ngstrom exponents much smaller than one may not be linked to Ayen values smaller than 1. This may occurs when coarse-mode particle plumes, advected at high altitudes, do not penetrate inside the planetary boundary layer. ngstrom exponents smaller than 1 are due to a significant contribution of coarse-mode particles as dust particles. Therefore, it is shown that Ayen represents one of the best parameters to infer the contribution of coarse-mode particles at the ground level. The daily evolution of the aerosol properties referring to working days (Monday to Friday) and Sunday and the weekly cycle have suggested that the aerosol source contributions varied during the weekends. In particular, the AOD was characterized by a negative weekly cycle (higher AOD values during the weekend than during the weekdays), the Sunday sigma (p) daily mean was 11 % larger than the Monday value, and Ayen reached the highest value on Sunday. The impact up to the ground level of the weekdays' transboundary pollution, which reaches the monitoring site during the weekends, has likely contributed to these results.