Integrated use of biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzymatic activities) in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mullus barbatus in an Italian coastal marine area.

The use of biomarkers to evaluate the biological effects of chemical pollutants in marine organisms represents a recent tool in the monitoring field responding to the need to detect and assess the effects of chemical contaminants on the biota. The aim of the present work was the field application of the integrated use of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, CAT, and Glutathione peroxidase, Glut-perox), for detecting the possible exposure/effect induced by chemical pollutants in native marine organisms from a coastal marine area, represented by Salento Peninsula (Italy), that shows a coastline of high environmental value, but under constant urban pressure, including agriculture activities, widely diffused in the whole hinterland. Eight sampling stations were chosen: four not urbanized areas considered “uncontaminated” controls and four clearly exposed to anthropogenic impact. The bioindicator species studied were a sessile invertebrate, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and a benthic teleost fish, Mullus barbatus. AChE activity in M. galloprovincialis revealed significant differences among places; the minimum values observed (3.9  1.8 nmol min-1 mg-1) was about 50% reduced with respect to the maximum found (11.4  0.9 nmol min-1 mg-1). The reduction in AChE activity observed in two control stations could be explained by the leaching of pesticides into the sea from the agricultural lands. Moreover, the inhibition of AChE activity by heavy metals besides pesticides, can also explain the reduction of the enzymatic activity observed in an industrialized and harbour area. In M. galloprovincialis AChE activity showed a significant inverse correlation with catalase activity but not with glutathione peroxidase that did not significantly change in animals sampled from the eight stations. Also in M. barbatus AChE activity showed significant differences among places; it was inversely correlated with liver GSH-Px activity, but not with catalase activity, that did not show any significantly variation in animals sampled in the different stations. In conclusion, the integrated use of AChE and antioxidant enzymes (catalase or glutathione peroxidase) in M. galloprovincialis and M. barbatus, two species living in different compartment of marine coastal ecosystem, can find a useful application within the framework of marine coastal environment monitoring programs for detecting the possible exposure/effect induced by chemical pollutants, including pesticides, on living marine organisms.